In this article, we are going to discuss a neurological condition called Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Here, we promise to answer all your fundamental questions related to Multiple Sclerosis. Our goal behind this article is to educate people and help them in understanding Multiple Sclerosis in the simplest possible way.

Multiple Sclerosis: What is it about?

MS is a neurological condition known which affects the central nervous system. It includes the brain and spinal cord. MS is a persistent and frequently disabling condition. With MS, the immune system accidentally damages the myelin. Myelin is there to protect nerve fibers. MS causes inflammation and injury to the myelin and underlying nerve fibers. The symptoms that result from the damage can vary greatly across MS patients. These symptoms might include issues with mobility, feeling, vision, bladder and bowel control, and cognitive function. Between the ages of 20 and 40, MS is often identified, and women are more frequently affected than males. There is currently no cure for MS. But there are medications that can help manage symptoms and enhance the quality of life.

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A brief history of Multiple Sclerosis:

The history of multiple sclerosis (MS) goes far back in time. But in the 19th century, medical science first acknowledged it as a separate clinical entity. The significant dates in MS’s history are listed below:

• It was first talked about in the 10th century. A Persian physician, Rhazes described the first instance of a condition that resembled Multiple Sclerosis.
• In the 14th century, the French physician Jean-Martin Charcot talked about this condition. He mentioned it by the name “Sclerose en plaques.” Literally, it means hardening in plates. He accurately described this illness and its symptoms for the first time.
• In the 20th century comes the German neurologist Alois Alzheimer. He first identified the distinctive plaques and tangles in MS patients’ brains.
• Corticosteroids and immunosuppressants were among the first successful MS treatments created in the 1940s and 1950s.
• In the 1960s- 1970s, the adoption of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) transformed MS diagnosis and management.
• In the 1990s, the first disease-modifying treatments (DMTs) for multiple sclerosis (MS) were authorized. It included interferon beta and glatiramer acetate.
• We still don’t know many things about Multiple Sclerosis and the subject is under study.  

Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis:

Following are a few of the typical signs of MS:

Fatigue:

Apart from regular tiredness, MS fatigue is the most prevalent symptom. It is commonly described as a feeling of exhaustion that does not go away with rest or sleep.

Vision issues:

Multiple Sclerosis can lead to a number of vision issues. It includes double vision, blurred vision, or a loss of vision in one eye. This happens as a result of the optic nerve’s inflammation. The optic nerve is responsible for sending visual signals to the brain.

Numbness and tingling:

Multiple sclerosis can result in numbness, tingling, or pins-and-needles sensations in various body areas. This happens as a result of the myelin sheath being damaged. Such damage obstructs the flow of nerve messages.

Spasms and muscular weakness:

MS can result in muscle stiffness or weakness. It becomes challenging to move or control limbs. It may also result in uncontrollable tremors or muscle spasms.

Problems with coordination and balance:

MS patients may have trouble walking or keeping their balance. It can result in falls and accidents.

Cognitive issues:

MS can lead to a range of cognitive issues, including memory loss, attention problems, and trouble-solving tasks.

Bowel and bladder issues:

Bowel and bladder issues like incontinence, constipation, or urgency can be brought on by MS.

Emotional issues:

Mood swings, anxiety, and other emotional disturbances, such as depression, can be brought on by MS.

Sexual issues: Sexual issues like decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, or dry vagina might be brought on by MS.

How is the diagnosis of Multiple Sclerosis done:

It can be very challenging and complex to diagnose MS. We can not identify this sickness with absolute certainty by a single test. Instead, medical professionals base their diagnoses on a concoction of clinical symptoms, imaging studies, and laboratory tests.

One of the main characteristics of MS is the presence of several damaged regions in the brain. Also, one should keep a check on the damage to the spinal cord. Imaging tests like computed tomography (CT) scans or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be used to find these abnormalities.

In addition to imaging studies, doctors may also perform a number of laboratory tests to help diagnose MS. One such test is the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis. In this test, they take a sample of the fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord. Then they test that fluid for signs of inflammation or other abnormalities.

Doctors will also consider a patient’s medical history and clinical symptoms when making a diagnosis of MS.

Following are some common symptoms of MS:

1. Fatigue
2.  Muscle weakness or spasms
3. Difficulty with coordination or balance
4. Problems with vision or speech.

A diagnosis of MS typically involves:

1. A comprehensive evaluation by a neurologist, who will review the patient’s medical history
2. Physical exam, and appropriate imaging and laboratory tests as needed
3. If MS is suspected, the neurologist may also refer the patient for further testing with a specialist in MS.

Available treatments for Multiple Sclerosis:

• Disease-modifying therapies (DMTs): It slows down the progression of MS by reducing inflammation and preventing damage to nerve fibers.
• Examples of DMTs include interferon beta, glatiramer acetate, dimethyl fumarate, teriflunomide, and natalizumab.
• Steroids, such as methylprednisolone, can be used to reduce inflammation during acute MS attacks.
• Symptomatic treatments, such as muscle relaxants, antispasmodics, and antidepressants, can help manage specific MS symptoms.
• Physical therapy and exercise can improve muscle strength, balance, and flexibility.
• Occupational therapy can help individuals with MS maintain independence in daily activities.
• Speech therapy can help individuals with MS who experience speech difficulties.
• There are therapies like acupuncture and herbal supplements, may also be considered. But these are supportive methods and we are not sure about the results.
• How to lead a happy and healthy life even when you are suffering from MS?
• It is hard to adjust your life around diseases like MS. But we always can try to make things better. Here are some things you can do to fight MS effectively:
• Know the enemy: In any battle, knowing your enemy is the key. Right knowledge is the best weapon to have. Knowing about the symptoms, diet, and medications will always help you.
• Stay positive: Keep a positive attitude. Practice gratitude and celebrate small victories. Off course, there are some inabilities and hardships. But we have a choice to be stronger than our hardships, right?
• Stay active: Regular physical activity can help improve your physical and mental well-being. Take guidance from experts in the field.
• Seek support: Join a support group for people with MS or seek support from family and friends. Try to healthily communicate about your disease with your dear ones. 
• Pamper yourself: Look after your routine. Take good care of your diet. Consider incorporating relaxation techniques, such as yoga or meditation, into your daily routine.
• Stay engaged: Stay connected to the things that give you purpose and meaning, such as work, hobbies, or volunteer work. Do not let MS define you or limit your potential.

 It is true that everyone’s journey with MS is different, and it is our duty to find what works for us the best. Stay in communication with your healthcare team. Do not ever be afraid to ask for help when you need it. Yes, the journey with MS is difficult. But with a positive mind space and healthy social support, you can lead a happy life.